Protein profile

PA0672

heme oxygenase

Genome: NC_002516.2

Gene: hemO Structure source: ColabFold

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Amino acids 198

Annotations 2

Features 8

PDB binders 1

Druggability 0.879

Overview

Basic information about this protein and its source genome.

Accession: PA0672
Assembly: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, complete genome
Gene: hemO
Status: annotated
Amino acids: 198
Structure source: ColabFold

GO:0004392 Catalysis of the reaction: heme b + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = biliverdin + CO + Fe2+ + H+ + 3 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase]. GO:0006788 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.

Target profile

Computed evidence for target prioritization.

Human off-target: No hit
Gut microbiome off-target: hit
Essential (DEG): N
Localization: Unknown

Selected Druggability evidence

Selected Druggability is the FPocket score chosen for ranking using the curated structure priority. The 3D viewer may show a different loaded structure, so its visible pockets can differ.

FPocket 0.879

Structure –

Pocket –

Sequence

Primary amino-acid sequence viewer.

Functional Annotations

Enzyme classification and Gene Ontology terms linked to this protein.

2 GO

Gene Ontology (GO)

GO:0004392 Catalysis of the reaction: heme b + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = biliverdin + CO + Fe2+ + H+ + 3 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].
GO:0006788 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.

Sequence Features

Domain/signature hits from InterPro and related databases.

8 records

Show feature table

Start	End	DB	Term	Name
1	198	FunFam	G3DSA:1.20.910.10:FF:000012	Heme oxygenase
14	196	SUPERFAMILY	SSF48613	Heme oxygenase-like
14	196	InterPro	IPR016084	Haem oxygenase-like, multi-helical
14	195	CDD	cd00232	HemeO-like
1	198	Gene3D	G3DSA:1.20.910.10	-
1	198	InterPro	IPR016084	Haem oxygenase-like, multi-helical
15	194	Pfam	PF01126	Heme oxygenase
15	194	InterPro	IPR016053	Haem oxygenase-like

3D Structure

Selected loaded structure. Experimental PDB entries may cover only a portion of the sequence; predicted models typically cover the full protein.

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Structural evidence

0 + 1

Experimental PDB entries and predicted models. Click Switch to display a different structure in the viewer.

Entry	Method	Resolution	Chain	Coverage	Links	Status
ColabFold PA0672	ColabFold	—	—	full sequence	—	Viewing

Pocket details FPocket · P2Rank — toggle visibility and zoom from here, or open full viewer

Pockets (FPOCKET)

Showing top-ranked FPocket candidates by druggability. Druggability is color-coded: high (0.7 or higher), medium (0.4 to 0.69), low (below 0.4).

FPOCKET	Sticks	Spheres	Surfaces	Druggability	Labels	Zoom	Positions
1				0.879

Ligand evidence

Ligands grouped by evidence source. PDB ligands keep the source crystal visible, and loaded crystals can be opened directly in the structure viewer.

95 records

Highest-confidence structural evidence: ligands co-crystallized with this exact protein. If the source PDB is loaded in TPW, use Open crystal to inspect it in the structure viewer.

No PDB structure with a co-crystallized ligand found for this exact protein.

Structural evidence inferred from similar proteins. The source crystal indicates where the ligand was observed; the UniProt column identifies the homologous protein carrying that ligand.

Ligand	Source crystal	UniProt (homolog)	MW · LogP · TPSA	Lipinski	PAINS	SMILES
CMO	1P3V	Q9RGD9	28.0 Da LogP -0.04 TPSA 19.9	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`[C-]#[O+]`

Experimental bioactivity from ChEMBL measured directly on this protein. Score = pchembl (−log Ki/IC₅₀; higher = more potent).

No ChEMBL bioactivity data found for this exact protein.

Bioactivity inferred from similar proteins in ChEMBL. Score = pchembl (−log Ki/IC₅₀; higher = more potent).

Ligand	UniProt (homolog)	pchembl	MW · LogP · TPSA	Lipinski	PAINS	SMILES
3IO	O69002	—	203.2 Da LogP 1.36 TPSA 70.2	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`c1ccc2c(c1)c(c[nH]2)CC(=O)C(=O)O`
51X	O69002	—	205.2 Da LogP 0.37 TPSA 74.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(C2=O)CC(=O)O`
CHEMBL105099	O69002	—	228.7 Da LogP 0.93 TPSA 83.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`COc1ccccc1/C=N/NC(=N)N.Cl`
CHEMBL105167	O69002	—	241.7 Da LogP 0.99 TPSA 77.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CN(C)c1ccc(/C=N/NC(=N)N)cc1.Cl`
CHEMBL105616	O69002	—	214.7 Da LogP 0.63 TPSA 94.5	✓ Ro5	Alert	`Cl.N=C(N)N/N=C/c1ccccc1O`
CHEMBL1429497	O69002	—	280.4 Da LogP 3.31 TPSA 6.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1ccc(CN2CCN(Cc3ccccc3)CC2)cc1`
CHEMBL1486949	O69002	—	256.3 Da LogP 2.98 TPSA 63.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CC(=O)Oc1ccc(-c2cccc(C(=O)O)c2)cc1`
CHEMBL1569545	O69002	—	253.3 Da LogP 2.24 TPSA 59.3	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)Cn1c2ccccc2c(=O)c2ccccc21`
CHEMBL1576426	O69002	—	222.2 Da LogP 2.05 TPSA 63.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`COc1ccc(C(=O)CCC(=O)O)c(C)c1`
CHEMBL1623092	O69002	—	282.2 Da LogP 3.19 TPSA 46.2	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`NCC(O)(c1ccc(Cl)cc1)c1ccc(Cl)cc1`
CHEMBL230638	Q9AH50	—	358.4 Da LogP 4.16 TPSA 89.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(Nc1ccc(-c2cn3ccccc3n2)cc1)c1ccccc1[N+](=O)[…`
CHEMBL244625	O69002	—	205.3 Da LogP 0.57 TPSA 77.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CN(C)c1ccc(/C=N/NC(=N)N)cc1`
CHEMBL3193802	O69002	—	204.2 Da LogP 0.35 TPSA 99.1	✓ Ro5	Alert	`Oc1ccccc1/C=N/Nc1nn[nH]n1`
CHEMBL3197209	O69002	—	275.3 Da LogP 0.69 TPSA 105.5	✓ Ro5	Alert	`CCN(CC)c1ccc(/C=N/n2nnnc2N)c(O)c1`
CHEMBL3774625	O69002	—	220.3 Da LogP 1.81 TPSA 63.1	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)CSc1ncnc2ccccc12`
CHEMBL3889940	O69002	—	304.8 Da LogP 2.29 TPSA 86.0	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cl.NC(N)=N/N=C/c1cccc(OCc2ccccc2)c1`
CHEMBL3891014	O69002	—	235.2 Da LogP -0.03 TPSA 94.9	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(CCO)C2=O`
CHEMBL3891385	O69002	—	171.2 Da LogP 2.86 TPSA 26.0	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CC(N)c1ccc2ccccc2c1`
CHEMBL3893803	O69002	—	246.2 Da LogP 0.13 TPSA 89.3	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cn1c(=O)c(CC(=O)C(=O)O)nc2ccccc21`
CHEMBL3900440	O69002	—	277.6 Da LogP 1.48 TPSA 76.8	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cl.NC(N)=N/N=C/c1ccccc1Br`
CHEMBL3905093	O69002	—	277.2 Da LogP -0.23 TPSA 143.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Nc1nnnn1/N=C/c1cc2c(cc1[N+](=O)[O-])OCO2`
CHEMBL3908138	O69002	—	221.3 Da LogP 1.00 TPSA 58.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=[N+]([O-])c1cccc(CN2CCNCC2)c1`
CHEMBL3909487	Q9AH50	—	285.3 Da LogP 3.28 TPSA 75.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)CCC(=O)Nc1ccc(Oc2ccccc2)cc1`
CHEMBL3913152	Q9AH50	—	231.3 Da LogP 0.20 TPSA 85.2	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CN(C)c1ccc(/C=N/n2nnnc2N)cc1`
CHEMBL3915609	O69002	—	299.3 Da LogP 2.64 TPSA 103.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1ccccc1C(=O)Nc1cc(C(=O)O)cc(C(=O)O)c1`
CHEMBL3920262	O69002	—	274.8 Da LogP 2.38 TPSA 76.8	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cl.NC(N)=N/N=C/c1ccc(-c2ccccc2)cc1`
CHEMBL3928717	O69002	—	267.3 Da LogP 1.73 TPSA 96.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CN(CC(=O)O)c1nc2ccc([N+](=O)[O-])cc2s1`
CHEMBL3929185	O69002	—	204.2 Da LogP 1.45 TPSA 77.8	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Nc1cc(-c2ccc(F)cc2)nc(N)n1`
CHEMBL3929420	O69002	—	321.3 Da LogP 2.29 TPSA 121.9	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=[N+]([O-])c1cccc(/C=N/Nc2ccc(S(=O)(=O)O)cc2)c1`
CHEMBL3941180	O69002	—	242.4 Da LogP 2.83 TPSA 6.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CN(C)CCN(C)Cc1cccc2ccccc12`
CHEMBL3941462	O69002	—	198.2 Da LogP 1.86 TPSA 55.1	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`NCc1ccc2c3c(cccc13)C(=O)N2`
CHEMBL395101	Q9AH50	—	267.3 Da LogP 0.96 TPSA 98.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`N=C(N/N=C\c1cccnc1)N/N=C\c1cccnc1`
CHEMBL395102	Q9AH50	—	282.3 Da LogP 3.01 TPSA 78.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)/C=C/C(=O)Nc1ccc(Nc2ccccc2)cc1`
CHEMBL3952653	Q9AH50	—	332.2 Da LogP -1.92 TPSA 152.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)Cn1c(=O)c2cc3c(=O)n(CC(=O)O)c(=O)c3cc2c1=O`
CHEMBL3952939	O69002	—	301.7 Da LogP 2.84 TPSA 74.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(c1ccc(Cl)cc1)C2=O`
CHEMBL3957915	O69002	—	180.2 Da LogP 0.36 TPSA 66.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`NCC(=O)N(O)Cc1ccccc1`
CHEMBL3960344	O69002	—	202.2 Da LogP 1.88 TPSA 55.1	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1cc(C(=O)O)nn1-c1ccccc1`
CHEMBL3960430	O69002	—	271.3 Da LogP 2.54 TPSA 67.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1cc(-c2ccc(F)cc2)nc2cc(C(=O)O)nn12`
CHEMBL3979916	O69002	—	231.3 Da LogP 2.61 TPSA 55.0	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`COc1cc(/C=N/Cc2ccco2)ccc1O`
CHEMBL4205009	O69002	—	384.5 Da LogP 4.11 TPSA 69.6	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C(O)CCN1C(=O)/C(=C/c2cccc(Nc3ccccc3)c2)SC1=S`
CHEMBL4209679	O69002	—	318.4 Da LogP 1.04 TPSA 87.7	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C1/C(=C/c2ccccn2)SC(=S)N1CCc1nnn[nH]1`
CHEMBL4211139	O69002	—	375.4 Da LogP 3.33 TPSA 91.0	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C(O)CCN1C(=O)/C(=C\c2ccc(-c3cccc(O)c3)o2)SC1=S`
CHEMBL4213232	O69002	—	369.5 Da LogP 4.03 TPSA 57.6	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C(O)CCN1C(=O)/C(=C\c2ccc(-c3ccccc3)cc2)SC1=S`
CHEMBL425837	Q9AH50	—	311.8 Da LogP 3.51 TPSA 57.2	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(Cc1ccc(Cl)cc1)N/N=C/c1c[nH]c2ccccc12`

Proposed virtual-screening candidates from ZINC. Score = Tanimoto similarity to a known binder (0–1; higher = more similar).

Ligand	Tanimoto	MW · LogP · TPSA	Lipinski	PAINS	SMILES
ZINC1001051	1.000	277.2 Da LogP -0.23 TPSA 143.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Nc1nnnn1/N=C\c1cc2c(cc1[N+](=O)[O-])OCO2`
ZINC1001052	1.000	277.2 Da LogP -0.23 TPSA 143.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Nc1nnnn1/N=C/c1cc2c(cc1[N+](=O)[O-])OCO2`
ZINC138748	1.000	301.7 Da LogP 2.84 TPSA 74.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(c1ccc(Cl)cc1)C2=O`
ZINC1532617	1.000	203.2 Da LogP 1.36 TPSA 70.2	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)C(=O)Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12`
ZINC155567	1.000	220.3 Da LogP 1.81 TPSA 63.1	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)CSc1ncnc2ccccc12`
ZINC187849	1.000	235.2 Da LogP -0.03 TPSA 94.9	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(CCO)C2=O`
ZINC19536646	1.000	280.4 Da LogP 3.31 TPSA 6.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1ccc(CN2CCN(Cc3ccccc3)CC2)cc1`
ZINC19606610	1.000	242.4 Da LogP 2.83 TPSA 6.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CN(C)CCN(C)Cc1cccc2ccccc12`
ZINC197792	1.000	222.2 Da LogP 2.05 TPSA 63.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`COc1ccc(C(=O)CCC(=O)O)c(C)c1`
ZINC2023473	1.000	246.2 Da LogP 0.13 TPSA 89.3	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cn1c(=O)c(CC(=O)C(=O)O)nc2ccccc21`
ZINC225790	1.000	231.3 Da LogP 2.61 TPSA 55.0	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`COc1cc(/C=N/Cc2ccco2)ccc1O`
ZINC238494	1.000	256.3 Da LogP 2.98 TPSA 63.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CC(=O)Oc1ccc(-c2cccc(C(=O)O)c2)cc1`
ZINC31777360	1.000	282.3 Da LogP 3.01 TPSA 78.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)/C=C\C(=O)Nc1ccc(Nc2ccccc2)cc1`
ZINC31830122	1.000	321.3 Da LogP 2.29 TPSA 121.9	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=[N+]([O-])c1cccc(/C=N\Nc2ccc(S(=O)(=O)O)cc2)c1`
ZINC34991	1.000	267.3 Da LogP 1.73 TPSA 96.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CN(CC(=O)O)c1nc2ccc([N+](=O)[O-])cc2s1`
ZINC380703	1.000	271.3 Da LogP 2.54 TPSA 67.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1cc(-c2ccc(F)cc2)nc2cc(C(=O)O)nn12`
ZINC38676	1.000	282.3 Da LogP 3.01 TPSA 78.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)/C=C/C(=O)Nc1ccc(Nc2ccccc2)cc1`
ZINC3878688	1.000	253.3 Da LogP 2.24 TPSA 59.3	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)Cn1c2ccccc2c(=O)c2ccccc21`
ZINC3893798	1.000	358.4 Da LogP 4.16 TPSA 89.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(Nc1ccc(-c2cn3ccccc3n2)cc1)c1ccccc1[N+](=O)[…`
ZINC4269403	1.000	221.3 Da LogP 1.00 TPSA 58.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=[N+]([O-])c1cccc(CN2CCNCC2)c1`
ZINC4955514	1.000	321.3 Da LogP 2.29 TPSA 121.9	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=[N+]([O-])c1cccc(/C=N/Nc2ccc(S(=O)(=O)O)cc2)c1`
ZINC4989683	1.000	299.3 Da LogP 2.64 TPSA 103.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1ccccc1C(=O)Nc1cc(C(=O)O)cc(C(=O)O)c1`
ZINC50003	1.000	285.3 Da LogP 3.28 TPSA 75.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)CCC(=O)Nc1ccc(Oc2ccccc2)cc1`
ZINC53230	1.000	282.2 Da LogP 3.19 TPSA 46.2	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`NCC(O)(c1ccc(Cl)cc1)c1ccc(Cl)cc1`
ZINC64576	1.000	205.2 Da LogP 0.37 TPSA 74.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)CN1C(=O)c2ccccc2C1=O`
ZINC75561	1.000	202.2 Da LogP 1.88 TPSA 55.1	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1cc(C(=O)O)nn1-c1ccccc1`
ZINC82203	1.000	204.2 Da LogP 1.45 TPSA 77.8	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Nc1cc(-c2ccc(F)cc2)nc(N)n1`
ZINC84365	1.000	275.3 Da LogP 0.69 TPSA 105.5	✓ Ro5	Alert	`CCN(CC)c1ccc(/C=N\n2nnnc2N)c(O)c1`
ZINC84368	1.000	275.3 Da LogP 0.69 TPSA 105.5	✓ Ro5	Alert	`CCN(CC)c1ccc(/C=N/n2nnnc2N)c(O)c1`
ZINC9190097	1.000	369.5 Da LogP 4.03 TPSA 57.6	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C(O)CCN1C(=O)/C(=C/c2ccc(-c3ccccc3)cc2)SC1=S`
ZINC31648115	0.974	268.3 Da LogP 1.87 TPSA 86.0	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`NC(N)=N/N=C/c1cccc(OCc2ccccc2)c1`
ZINC31342769	0.968	205.3 Da LogP 0.57 TPSA 77.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`CN(C)c1ccc(/C=N\NC(=N)N)cc1`
ZINC6097580	0.963	241.1 Da LogP 1.06 TPSA 76.8	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`NC(N)=N/N=C\c1ccccc1Br`
ZINC6116709	0.963	238.3 Da LogP 1.96 TPSA 76.8	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`NC(N)=N/N=C/c1ccc(-c2ccccc2)cc1`
ZINC1193772	0.938	388.4 Da LogP 4.51 TPSA 95.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1ccccc1C(=O)Nc1cc(NC(=O)c2ccccc2C)cc(C(=O)O)c1`
ZINC754382	0.900	400.4 Da LogP 3.09 TPSA 142.0	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)CCC(=O)Nc1ccc(Oc2ccc(NC(=O)CCC(=O)O)cc2)c…`
ZINC19393915	0.895	235.3 Da LogP 1.39 TPSA 58.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=[N+]([O-])c1cccc(CN2CCCNCC2)c1`
ZINC197915224	0.875	221.3 Da LogP 4.01 TPSA 26.0	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`C[C@H](N)c1ccc2cc3ccccc3cc2c1`
ZINC197915231	0.875	221.3 Da LogP 4.01 TPSA 26.0	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`C[C@@H](N)c1ccc2cc3ccccc3cc2c1`
ZINC1297885	0.854	293.4 Da LogP 2.36 TPSA 57.6	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C(O)CCN1C(=O)/C(=C\c2ccccc2)SC1=S`
ZINC1297887	0.854	293.4 Da LogP 2.36 TPSA 57.6	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C(O)CCN1C(=O)/C(=C/c2ccccc2)SC1=S`
ZINC1911788693	0.854	293.4 Da LogP 2.36 TPSA 57.6	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C(O)CCN1C(=O)C(=Cc2ccccc2)SC1=S`
ZINC39240377	0.853	236.3 Da LogP 2.44 TPSA 63.6	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`COc1ccc(C(=O)CCCC(=O)O)c(C)c1`
ZINC217909873	0.846	233.2 Da LogP -0.06 TPSA 91.8	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)CN1C(=O)C(=O)c2ccccc2C1=O`
ZINC6041314	0.844	456.4 Da LogP 2.68 TPSA 149.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(c1ccc(N3C(=O)c4ccc(C(=O…`
ZINC4179240	0.842	393.8 Da LogP 4.63 TPSA 83.9	✓ Ro5	Alert	`O=C(O)c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(c1ccc(Oc3ccc(Cl)cc3)cc1…`
ZINC6332952	0.842	409.9 Da LogP 4.99 TPSA 74.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(c1ccc(Sc3ccc(Cl)cc3)cc1…`
ZINC13955072	0.839	408.3 Da LogP 0.98 TPSA 149.4	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(CCN1C(=O)c3ccc(C(=O)O)c…`
ZINC4370807	0.833	372.4 Da LogP 4.47 TPSA 89.5	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`Cc1c(C(=O)Nc2ccc(-c3cn4ccccc4n3)cc2)cccc1[N+](=…`
ZINC5002545	0.829	301.7 Da LogP 2.84 TPSA 74.7	✓ Ro5	✓ Clean	`O=C(O)c1ccc(N2C(=O)c3ccc(Cl)cc3C2=O)cc1`

PDB and ChEMBL records on this protein are shown in full. ChEMBL records from similar proteins are capped at the top 100 per protein (by pchembl) and ZINC at the top 50 (Tanimoto ≥ 0.5). ADME columns are descriptor-based screening flags, not experimental toxicity results.