Promising target candidate with multiple supporting evidence streams.
Automated synthesis of the evidence currently loaded. Review the underlying records before prioritizing this protein.
Main supporting evidence
Risks to review
Evidence coverage
Terms and data sources used on this page
PDB: experimentally determined structures from the Protein Data Bank. These are the strongest structural evidence, but may cover only part of the protein.
AlphaFold DB model: a precomputed predicted structure downloaded from AlphaFold Database/UniProt, not an experiment performed here.
ColabFold model: a predicted structure generated for this workspace; interpret it with coverage and confidence.
pLDDT: confidence score for predicted structures. High values support local geometry; low values mean the region should not drive pocket interpretation.
FPocket / P2Rank: software tools that predict possible ligand-binding pockets on a 3D structure. They are useful screening signals, not experimental validation.
Druggability: a pocket-based estimate of whether a small molecule could bind productively. It does not mean a drug already exists.
PDB ligand: a compound observed in an experimental structure. Direct same-protein records are stronger than homolog-transferred records.
ChEMBL: a public database of measured compound bioactivity. Direct entries are stronger than entries transferred from similar proteins.
ZINC: a purchasable-compound database. Here it marks proposed candidates from chemical similarity, not measured binders.
LigQ / LigQ_2: an internal Target pipeline step that gathers PDB, ChEMBL, and ZINC ligand evidence for each protein.
Off-target: sequence similarity to proteins we prefer not to hit, such as human proteins or beneficial gut microbiome proteins.
DEG: Database of Essential Genes. A match suggests the protein resembles genes known to be essential in other organisms.
Roary / CoreCruncher: pan-genome tools used to decide whether a gene is core across analyzed strains or accessory/strain-specific.
EC / GO: functional annotations: EC describes enzyme reactions; GO describes biological process, molecular function, or cellular component.
KEGG pathway: a curated metabolic route label used here to group reactions imported from the metabolic model.
Chokepoint: a metabolic reaction that is the only producer or consumer of a metabolite in the imported model.
Prioritization evidence
Selectivity, essentiality, structural confidence, conservation, and predicted binding-site evidence.
Off-target risk
- Human off-target
- Hit
- Human identity (%)
- 32.061 Lower values reduce human off-target concern.
- Human E-value
- 5.07e-07
- Gut microbiome similarity
- 2.6% of screened genomes Lower prevalence suggests narrower overlap with the screened gut microbiome.
Essentiality
- Essential (DEG)
- N
- DEG identity (%)
- 27.211 Higher values support similarity to known essential genes.
Structure confidence
- ColabFold pLDDT
- 90.52 0-100 confidence; >70 supports local structural interpretation.
Binding-site evidence
AlphaFold DB / UniProt modelP2Rank's binding-site probability is the primary druggability signal shown across the app; FPocket's druggability score is shown alongside it for comparison. Both estimate small-molecule pocket quality after applying the curated structure priority — neither is experimental binding evidence. The 3D viewer may show a different loaded structure, so visible pockets can differ.
Sequence
Primary amino-acid sequence viewer.
MKLWPVVTGVAIALTLVACKSPTPPKGVQPISGFDASRYLGKWYEVARLENRFERGLEQVTATYGARSDGGISVVNRGYDPVKKRWNESDGKAYFTGAPTTAALKVSFFGPFYGGYNVIRLDDDYQYALVSGPNRDYLWILSRTPTIPAAVKQDYLNTARELGFDVDRLVWIRQTPR
Functional annotations
Enzyme classification and Gene Ontology terms linked to this protein.
Subcellular localization
- Localization
- OuterMembrane
Gene Ontology (GO)
3- GO:0009279 A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost membrane of the cell envelope; enriched in polysaccharide and protein; the outer leaflet of the membrane contains specific lipopolysaccharide structures.
- GO:0008289 Binding to a lipid.
- GO:0006950 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Sequence domains and features
Domain and signature matches imported from InterPro and related databases.
Show feature table
| Start | End | DB | Term | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | 67 | PRINTS | PR01171 | Bacterial lipocalin signature |
| 51 | 67 | InterPro | IPR002446 | Lipocalin, bacterial |
| 70 | 79 | PRINTS | PR01171 | Bacterial lipocalin signature |
| 70 | 79 | InterPro | IPR002446 | Lipocalin, bacterial |
| 104 | 118 | PRINTS | PR01171 | Bacterial lipocalin signature |
| 104 | 118 | InterPro | IPR002446 | Lipocalin, bacterial |
| 163 | 173 | PRINTS | PR01171 | Bacterial lipocalin signature |
| 163 | 173 | InterPro | IPR002446 | Lipocalin, bacterial |
| 136 | 147 | PRINTS | PR01171 | Bacterial lipocalin signature |
| 136 | 147 | InterPro | IPR002446 | Lipocalin, bacterial |
| 121 | 129 | PRINTS | PR01171 | Bacterial lipocalin signature |
| 121 | 129 | InterPro | IPR002446 | Lipocalin, bacterial |
| 34 | 48 | PRINTS | PR01171 | Bacterial lipocalin signature |
| 34 | 48 | InterPro | IPR002446 | Lipocalin, bacterial |
| 1 | 19 | ProSiteProfiles | PS51257 | Prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site profile. |
| 1 | 2 | Phobius | SIGNAL_PEPTIDE_N_REGION | N-terminal region of a signal peptide. |
| 15 | 19 | Phobius | SIGNAL_PEPTIDE_C_REGION | C-terminal region of a signal peptide. |
| 20 | 177 | Phobius | NON_CYTOPLASMIC_DOMAIN | Region of a membrane-bound protein predicted to be outside the membrane, in the extracellular region. |
| 8 | 175 | Gene3D | G3DSA:2.40.128.20 | - |
| 8 | 175 | InterPro | IPR012674 | Calycin |
| 33 | 46 | ProSitePatterns | PS00213 | Lipocalin signature. |
| 33 | 46 | InterPro | IPR022272 | Lipocalin family conserved site |
| 1 | 19 | Phobius | SIGNAL_PEPTIDE | Signal peptide region |
| 8 | 175 | PANTHER | PTHR10612 | APOLIPOPROTEIN D |
| 12 | 176 | SUPERFAMILY | SSF50814 | Lipocalins |
| 12 | 176 | InterPro | IPR012674 | Calycin |
| 2 | 177 | PIRSF | PIRSF036893 | Lipocalin_ApoD |
| 2 | 177 | InterPro | IPR022271 | Lipocalin, ApoD type |
| 10 | 177 | FunFam | G3DSA:2.40.128.20:FF:000002 | Outer membrane lipoprotein Blc |
| 35 | 174 | Pfam | PF08212 | Lipocalin-like domain |
| 35 | 174 | InterPro | IPR000566 | Lipocalin/cytosolic fatty-acid binding domain |
| 3 | 14 | Phobius | SIGNAL_PEPTIDE_H_REGION | Hydrophobic region of a signal peptide. |
| 1 | 19 | SignalP_EUK | SignalP-noTM | SignalP-noTM |
| 31 | 171 | CDD | cd19438 | lipocalin_Blc-like |
| 31 | 171 | InterPro | IPR047202 | Lipocalin Blc-like |
3D structure
Selected loaded structure. Experimental PDB entries may cover only a portion of the sequence; AlphaFold DB and ColabFold models typically cover the full protein but remain computational predictions.
How colors and pocket overlays are used
Pocket details Inspect a specific pocket, or open the full viewer
- Method
- -
- Score
- -
- Visible layer
- -
- Residues
- -
- Pocket properties
- -
Selecting a pocket opens its details and centers the viewer without clearing other active layers. Use Focus this pocket when you want to hide the rest; use Surface for the wider residue environment.
Binding pockets · P2Rank
Druggability (P2Rank): high ≥ 0.5 · medium 0.2–0.49 · low < 0.2
Binding pockets · FPocket
Druggability (FPocket): high ≥ 0.7 · medium 0.4–0.69 · low < 0.4
Binding pockets · P2Rank
Druggability (P2Rank): high ≥ 0.5 · medium 0.2–0.49 · low < 0.2
Binding pockets · FPocket
Druggability (FPocket): high ≥ 0.7 · medium 0.4–0.69 · low < 0.4
All structural evidence
Structural evidence
0 + 2Experimental PDB entries plus predicted AlphaFold DB or ColabFold models. Click Switch to display a different loaded structure in the viewer.
| Entry | Method | Resolution | Chain | Coverage | Links | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
AlphaFold DB
AF_A0A0H3GMN4
|
AlphaFold DB | — | — | full sequence | — | Viewing |
|
ColabFold
VK055_2710
|
ColabFold | — | — | full sequence | — | Loaded |
Ligand evidence
Ligands grouped by evidence source. PDB ligands keep the source crystal visible, and loaded crystals can be opened directly in the structure viewer.
Structural ligand evidence is available for this target.
Highest-confidence structural evidence: ligands co-crystallized with this exact protein. If the source PDB is loaded in Target, use Open crystal to inspect it in the structure viewer.
No PDB structure with a co-crystallized ligand found for this exact protein.
Structural evidence inferred from similar proteins. The source crystal indicates where the ligand was observed; the UniProt column identifies the homologous protein carrying that ligand.
| Ligand | Source crystal | UniProt (homolog) | MW · LogP · TPSA | Lipinski | PAINS | SMILES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BLA RCSB PDB | A0A1D5B367 | 582.7 Da LogP 4.81 TPSA 160.9 | 1 viol. | ✓ Clean |
Cc1c(c([nH]c1\C=C/2\C(=C(C(=O)N2)C=C)C)\C=C/3\C…
|
|
| LMT RCSB PDB | P0A901 | 510.6 Da LogP -0.45 TPSA 178.5 | 3 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1…
|
|
| P4K RCSB PDB | P0A901 | 662.8 Da LogP 0.23 TPSA 149.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO
|
|
| Q3J RCSB PDB | P0A901 | 319.2 Da LogP 1.88 TPSA 26.6 | ✓ Ro5 | Alert |
[B-]1(c2cc(ccc2C=C3[N+]1=C(N(C3=O)C)C)N(CC)CC)(…
|
|
| VCA RCSB PDB | P0A901 | 282.5 Da LogP 6.11 TPSA 37.3 | 1 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O
|
Experimental bioactivity from ChEMBL measured directly on this protein. Score = pchembl (−log Ki/IC₅₀; higher = more potent).
No ChEMBL bioactivity data found for this exact protein.
Bioactivity inferred from similar proteins in ChEMBL. Score = pchembl (−log Ki/IC₅₀; higher = more potent).
No ChEMBL hits found through similar proteins.
Proposed virtual-screening candidates from ZINC. Score = Tanimoto similarity to a known binder (0–1; higher = more similar).
| Ligand | Tanimoto | MW · LogP · TPSA | Lipinski | PAINS | SMILES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZINC100053689 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H]…
|
| ZINC100053691 ZINC | 1.000 | 496.6 Da LogP -0.84 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H…
|
| ZINC1501015302 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H…
|
| ZINC2039285652 ZINC | 1.000 | 454.5 Da LogP -2.01 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C…
|
| ZINC2039285653 ZINC | 1.000 | 454.5 Da LogP -2.01 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C…
|
| ZINC2039285654 ZINC | 1.000 | 454.5 Da LogP -2.01 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C…
|
| ZINC2039285655 ZINC | 1.000 | 454.5 Da LogP -2.01 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C…
|
| ZINC2053493146 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H]…
|
| ZINC2053493147 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H]…
|
| ZINC2053493148 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H]…
|
| ZINC2053493149 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H]…
|
| ZINC238809244 ZINC | 1.000 | 510.6 Da LogP -0.45 TPSA 178.5 | 3 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C…
|
| ZINC238809245 ZINC | 1.000 | 510.6 Da LogP -0.45 TPSA 178.5 | 3 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C…
|
| ZINC252695223 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H…
|
| ZINC252695224 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H…
|
| ZINC252695225 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H…
|
| ZINC252695226 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H…
|
| ZINC5650743 ZINC | 1.000 | 222.3 Da LogP 0.07 TPSA 57.2 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCOCCOCCOCCOCCO
|
| ZINC58649715 ZINC | 1.000 | 496.6 Da LogP -0.84 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@…
|
| ZINC59978443 ZINC | 1.000 | 454.5 Da LogP -2.01 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H](…
|
| ZINC6403917 ZINC | 1.000 | 354.4 Da LogP 0.11 TPSA 84.8 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO
|
| ZINC64633397 ZINC | 1.000 | 226.4 Da LogP 4.55 TPSA 37.3 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCC(=O)O
|
| ZINC66157001 ZINC | 1.000 | 468.5 Da LogP -1.62 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H]…
|
| ZINC70669940 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@…
|
| ZINC70669941 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@…
|
| ZINC70669942 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@…
|
| ZINC70669943 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@…
|
| ZINC77311968 ZINC | 1.000 | 454.5 Da LogP -2.01 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H]…
|
| ZINC83433913 ZINC | 1.000 | 426.5 Da LogP -2.79 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H](CO…
|
| ZINC85482724 ZINC | 1.000 | 482.6 Da LogP -1.23 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H…
|
| ZINC86002923 ZINC | 1.000 | 426.5 Da LogP -2.79 TPSA 178.5 | 2 viol. | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H](CO)…
|
| ZINC1531062 ZINC | 0.917 | 226.4 Da LogP 4.55 TPSA 37.3 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCC/C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)O
|
| ZINC2504617 ZINC | 0.917 | 240.4 Da LogP 4.94 TPSA 37.3 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCC/C=C/CCCCCCCCC(=O)O
|
| ZINC32786138 ZINC | 0.917 | 226.4 Da LogP 4.55 TPSA 37.3 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCC/C=C/CCCC(=O)O
|
| ZINC4529321 ZINC | 0.917 | 226.4 Da LogP 4.55 TPSA 37.3 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)O
|
| ZINC5260769 ZINC | 0.917 | 240.4 Da LogP 4.94 TPSA 37.3 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCCC(=O)O
|
| ZINC100034925 ZINC | 0.811 | 348.5 Da LogP 1.72 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](…
|
| ZINC100050848 ZINC | 0.811 | 376.5 Da LogP 2.50 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](…
|
| ZINC106384623 ZINC | 0.811 | 306.4 Da LogP 0.55 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@…
|
| ZINC118911909 ZINC | 0.811 | 306.4 Da LogP 0.55 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@…
|
| ZINC141261234 ZINC | 0.811 | 320.4 Da LogP 0.94 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C…
|
| ZINC14880349 ZINC | 0.811 | 306.4 Da LogP 0.55 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[…
|
| ZINC15609263 ZINC | 0.811 | 306.4 Da LogP 0.55 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@…
|
| ZINC2046837 ZINC | 0.811 | 306.4 Da LogP 0.55 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@…
|
| ZINC49878458 ZINC | 0.811 | 306.4 Da LogP 0.55 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[…
|
| ZINC58538417 ZINC | 0.811 | 320.4 Da LogP 0.94 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C…
|
| ZINC71788562 ZINC | 0.811 | 292.4 Da LogP 0.16 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@…
|
| ZINC71788566 ZINC | 0.811 | 306.4 Da LogP 0.55 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C…
|
| ZINC85478989 ZINC | 0.811 | 320.4 Da LogP 0.94 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@…
|
| ZINC85590873 ZINC | 0.811 | 320.4 Da LogP 0.94 TPSA 99.4 | ✓ Ro5 | ✓ Clean |
CCCCCCCCCCO[C@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[…
|
PDB and ChEMBL records on this protein are shown in full. ChEMBL records from similar proteins are capped at the top 100 per protein (by pchembl) and ZINC at the top 50 (Tanimoto ≥ 0.5). ADME columns are descriptor-based screening flags, not experimental toxicity results.
Cross-references
External database identifiers for this protein, its structures, ligands, and metabolic reactions.